Coronavirus vaccination: the most important thing to know about vaccines
Vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications is carried out to citizens in medical organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms, if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of works (services) for vaccination (preventive vaccinations).
In the Russian Federation, the following vaccines have been registered for vaccination against COVID-19: a combined vector vaccine ("Gam-COVID-Vac"), a vaccine based on peptide antigens ("EpiVacCorona"), an inactivated whole-virion concentrated purified coronavirus vaccine ("CoviVac"), a vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 ("Sputnik Light"), a vaccine based on peptide antigens ("EpiVacCorona-N"), a combined vector vaccine ("Gam-COVID-Vak-M").
Vaccination and re-vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is carried out with these vaccines, according to the instructions for use, to citizens who do not have medical contraindications. When carrying out vaccination, it is necessary to observe the order of administration of vaccines in a certain sequence within the prescribed time frame.
Indications for the use of vaccines "Gam-COVID-Vac", "EpiVacCorona" and "Sputnik Lite": prevention of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in adults over 18 years of age. Indications for the use of KoviVak vaccines,
EpiVacCorona-N: prevention of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in adults aged 18-60 years. Indications for the use of the vaccine "Gam-COVID-Vak-M": prevention of COVID-19 in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (inclusive).
Vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of various categories of citizens, including persons who have had this infection, vaccinated and previously vaccinated, subsequently recovered, should be carried out with any vaccines for the prevention of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) registered in the Russian Federation in accordance with the established procedure, in accordance with the instructions for medical use the drug.
The COVID-19 vaccine does not contain a live virus and therefore does not lead to infection of citizens, cannot give a positive result of a PCR test or other laboratory test to determine the causative agent of a new coronavirus infection. Vaccination does not cause diseases in people, but creates an immune response and protects a person from the development of severe forms of the disease. Vaccination does not exclude the possibility of contracting a new coronavirus infection and transmitting it to another person, therefore, to protect others and yourself, it is necessary to observe sanitary measures, including keeping a distance, using masks, especially in closed, crowded or poorly ventilated rooms. The presence of antibodies to a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) does not affect the decision on vaccination, since, according to international expert communities, there are no research methods and test systems to confirm the relationship between the presence of antibodies and the degree and duration of protection.
The fact of vaccination is confirmed by entering information into the information resource of the information accounting of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in order to prevent a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Prior to the completion of vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), information about the introduction of the first component (in the case of the introduction of a two-component vaccine) is displayed in the vaccination record in the Register and on the Unified Portal of state and Municipal Services (Functions). At the same time, a "Medical certificate of preventive vaccinations against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) or medical contraindications to vaccination and (or) a disease caused by a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)" (hereinafter referred to as the Certificate) can be obtained by a citizen only after the introduction of the second component (in the case of a two–component vaccine) or after completion of vaccination with a single-component vaccine "Sputnik Lite". In the case of primary vaccination with the Sputnik Lite vaccine, the certificate on the Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (Functions) is formed 21 days after vaccination.
Vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) according to epidemic indications:
- it must be carried out 6 months after the previous vaccination ("emergency" vaccination). The certificate is generated on the Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (functions) no later than 3 calendar days after the date of entry into the Register of information about the completion of vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in accordance with the instructions for the use of the drug. The Certificate is valid for 12 months from the date of completion of the previous vaccination;
- after the disease due to the gradual extinction of the immune response, 6 months after recovery (from the date of recovery) to form a stable immune response. The certificate is generated on the Unified Portal of state and Municipal services (functions) no later than 3 calendar days after the date of entry into the Register of information about a disease caused by a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The certificate is valid for 12 months from the date of recovery. If there is no date of recovery in the Register, the Certificate on the Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (functions) is formed 30 days after the onset of the disease.
Contraindications to the use of vaccines are:
- hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or a vaccine containing similar components;
- a history of severe allergic reactions;
- acute infectious and non-communicable diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases – vaccination is carried out 2-4 weeks after recovery or remission.
In case of mild acute respiratory viral infections, acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, vaccination is carried out after normalization of temperature.
With caution: in chronic liver and kidney diseases, endocrine diseases (severe thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus in the decompensation stage), severe diseases of the hematopoietic system, epilepsy and other CNS diseases, acute coronary syndrome and acute cerebral circulatory disorders, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis.
Due to a lack of information, vaccination may pose a risk to the following groups of patients:
- with autoimmune diseases (stimulation of the immune system can lead to an exacerbation of the disease, especially patients with autoimmune pathology, which tends to develop severe and life-threatening conditions, should be treated with caution);
- with malignant neoplasms.
Special instructions: patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy and patients with immunodeficiency may not develop a sufficient immune response. Therefore, taking drugs that inhibit the function of the immune system is contraindicated for at least 1 month before and after vaccination due to the risk of decreased immunogenicity.
Like other vaccines, a protective immune response may not occur in all vaccinated individuals.
Before vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative is explained by the employees of the medical organization the need for vaccination, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing vaccination, a patient questionnaire is issued to fill out and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is issued. Before vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the doctor (paramedic) examines the patient, conducts thermometry, collection of complaints, collection of anamnesis (including epidemiological), measurement of saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, auscultation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system, examination of the throat and fills out the examination form before vaccination from COVID-19. The doctor warns the patient about possible post-vaccination complications and issues a memo with information material.
Vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the organization of vaccination, vaccination techniques, as well as on the provision of medical care in an emergency or urgent form in the event of post-vaccination complications.
For people who have had a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) asymptomatically and have not sought medical help, taking into account the recommendations of international expert organizations that the presence of class G immunoglobulins to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is not a contraindication to vaccination against the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection, as well as the fact that it is impossible to establish a date After recovery, it is recommended to consider vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).
The use of modern highly effective vaccines for the prevention of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) for mass immunization is associated with a low frequency of severe reactions and complications that occur in the post-vaccination period. The main part of them is in the nature of individual reactions that cannot be foreseen, i.e. associated with the previous condition of the vaccinated. In the post-vaccination period, short-term general (short-term flu-like syndrome characterized by chills, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia, general malaise, headache) and local (soreness at the injection site, hyperemia, swelling) reactions may develop and resolve during the next three days.
Nausea, dyspepsia, decreased appetite, and sometimes an increase in regional lymph nodes are less common. Allergic reactions may develop. The presence of medical contraindications to vaccination against a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and the decision to issue documentation on the presence of medical contraindications to vaccination is determined by the attending physician or a doctor of the specialty who determines contraindications against vaccination.
The decision to issue a certificate of medical withdrawal from vaccination against the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is made by the medical commission of the medical organization where the patient is observed for a disease that is a contraindication.
The only way to reverse the pandemic, to stop it, is vaccination. Already now we see that vaccinated people get sick 100 times less often than those who are not vaccinated. Vaccinated in a timely manner, even if infected, they tolerate the disease more easily and the duration of the disease is shorter.
Chief Freelance Specialistepidemiologist of the department
health care of the Lipetsk region,
Filatov Andrey Nikolaevich
